![]() Modern toilets and plumbing were a long way in the future and waste was thrown into the streets. Towns were often unhygienic because of the larger populations and the lack of proper sanitation. Similar to villages, women were also expected to work in the home, cleaning and looking after their family. Some women were able to work as shopkeepers, cloth-sellers or run pubs, but these opportunities were very limited. Coastal towns would trade with other countries. ![]() Trade was a key part of town life, with goods such as iron, wool, salt and agricultural products being commonly bought and sold. There were many skilled craftsmen working in towns, such as carpenters, blacksmiths and tailors. The Domesday Book gives some idea about what life in towns was like. London was the largest with a population of 10,000 and Winchester the second largest with 6,000 people. There were not many towns in medieval England, and those that existed were small by modern standards. A night watchman would patrol the streets to look out for criminals or wild animals to keep townspeople safe. The city gates were shut at dusk and the bell was rung for curfew. The accused would have to pick up a stone from a pot of boiling water and people believed that if the person was innocent, God would heal the wounds within three days. If someone was accused of a crime such as stealing, one of the ways they might have to prove their innocence was through a trial by boiling water. The town was run by powerful people such as merchants and lords, while the crafts workers and traders made their living in the bustling markets.Ĭrime was common in towns. ![]() People often shared their homes with their livestock, but none of these animals were house-trained. So people discarded their waste in the streets or local rivers. Although housing did improve during the period, there was no sewage system. Townspeople would attend their first religious mass of the day. At dawn, a bell would ring to begin the day. These towns were crowded, noisy and smelly. New towns developed around religious buildings, castles or trade routes. They had a hard life working all day on farms owned by nobles. ISLA 221D1 Introductory Arabic (4.Narrator: Most people in medieval England were farming peasants who lived in villages in the countryside. ![]() Students might fulfill these credits by taking complementary courses from other departments listed as relevant to the program. The extra 3 credits will be counted toward the remainder of the complementary courses requirement.Ģ1-24 credits (21 if Introductory Arabic has been chosen), of complementary courses selected from the World Islamic and Middle East Studies course lists as follows:ģ credits of 100-/200-level non-language ISLA courses Ħ credits of 300-level non-language ISLA courses Ħ credits of 400-/500-level non-language ISLA courses Ħ-9 credits at any level, including more language courses, but no more than 6 credits overall at the 100/200 level. In the case of Arabic, the first two levels involve 15 credits. Complementary Courses (36 credits)ġ2-15 credits (2 levels) in one language: Arabic, Persian, Turkish, or Urdu. Recognizing the variety of approaches within Islam, its global reach, but also its regional specificities, and that of the Middle East in particular, the program aims at providing students with training in the textual traditions and social life of Muslims across different times and places.įor information about instructors and course descriptions, visit the program’s website at. World Islamic and Middle East Studies is an interdisciplinary program focusing on Muslim cultures and societies both past and present.
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